Analysis Of Van Gogh s Agony - 967 Words

Analysis of Van Gogh’s Agony In â€Å"Van Gogh’s Agony†, Lauren Soth proposes the argument that Starry Night by artist Vincent Van Gogh is more than just a landscape created from direct observation, but a nontraditional outlet for Van Gogh’s repressed religious beliefs that could not be expressed through traditional Christian imagery. However, Soth presents little convincing evidence from sources both primary and secondary to support this theory. Although some of the evidence may support his thesis, readers are quickly forced to doubt his knowledge. Throughout the paper, Soth presents information that contradicts the theories and information he provides, questions his own arguments, and is very quick to make conclusions and over analyze the artwork. Although Soth does provide a couple points that seem to work in supporting his thesis, these are overshadowed by the time spent focusing on trivial matters. Soth’s thesis in this paper is essentially that Starry Night is both Van Gogh’s representation of the biblical scene Agony in the Garden -- when Jesus prays to God after the Last Supper acknowledging his impending betrayal-- as well as Van Gogh’s physical agony and nostalgia. He argues that Van Gogh created the piece through a mixture of observation and imagination as a consolation piece for the artist to seek religion through means other than traditional Christian imagery. Carlo Dolci’s version of Agony in the Garden is referenced in particular (311). Soth’s physicalShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Van Gogh s Agony By Lauren Soth And Under The Starry Night By Denis J. Billy Essay2419 Words   |  10 Pagesof the most mysterious and thought-provoking images to date was painted in 1889 from a mental health institution in St. Remy, France by non-other than Vincent Van Gogh. The opulence of blues and yellows has the ability bring a viewer to its knees, mo stly in a subconscious manner that evokes a kind of spiritual quest, perhaps one that Van Gogh was on himself. The Starry Night is still heavily contemplated and its meaning is still relatively unknown and quite debated, as is the man himself. In anRead MoreVincent Willem Van Gogh And His Life2164 Words   |  9 PagesVincent Willem van Gogh (Dutch, 1853 – 1890) born in Holland, had a unique method of expressing himself on canvas. He was a post impressionist painter whose paintings portrayed emotionally evocative style through the use of bold colors and later swirling brush strokes. Throughout his life van Gogh worked on his art while battling mental instability which lead to his death in 1890 as a result of a fatal, possibly self inflicted gun shot. His most famous and respected paintings were completed in theRead MoreExpressionism Of Vincent Van Goghs The Starrry Night1505 Words   |  7 Pagesartist Vincent Van Gogh, remains engrained in the minds of many, as an expres sion of his tempestuous state of mind. Painted in June of 1899, the painting represents the symbolic, and highly personal meanings that proved to be particularly important to Post-Impressionist artists. This deeply distinctive, emotionally evocative style has continued to influence artists residing within twentieth century and up to the present day, promising Van Goghs prominence in the near future. Van Gogh’s expressionism

Is God And Religion Necessary - 2101 Words

â€Å"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† This is the original pledge of allegiance and many will pick up the difference right away and notice two words missing after â€Å"one nation.† In fact, on Flag Day 1954, the words â€Å"under God† were added to the pledge. Today, this connects to the question: Is god and religion necessary? Is â€Å"under God† in the pledge and â€Å"In God We Trust† on U.S. currency necessary? Well, the debate is heating up as religion and atheism/agnosticism clash on the role of religion. Although many believe the opposite, religion and even more so organized religion is no longer as necessary as it once was, and in many cases it is more harmful than good. In fact, religious affiliation is declining, so much so that in a 2012 study done by the Pew Religion and Public Life Project it was found th at, â€Å"More Americans than ever are saying that they are ‘spiritual, but not religious’... nearly a fifth of those polled said that they were not religiously affiliated. That number has increased to 23% in the latest study†(Reiss). This is also seen in a decline of people who believe in a god as millennials(1980-) lead the pack with 25%(Leonhardt). Religion, regardless of its decline, still has its grasp on society and it is seen in the clash between evolution vs. creation and science vs. religious faith. This includes religion in the U.S. where separationShow MoreRelated Belief in a God is necessary for a moral society Essay1038 Words   |  5 Pages Belief in a God is necessary for a moral society Religion in the world has always been considered a rather important aspect of society. Although this is true, there are still people that question the existence of God. A survey done among 1000 people showed that 65 percent of Americans believe that religion is losing its influence on American life (Sheler, 8). Even so, Belief in a God is necessary for a moral society because since the beginning of history man has always made up some sort of roleRead MoreEssay on Critique of Aquinass Cosmological Argument960 Words   |  4 Pages (unless contingent beings exist as a brute fact). Therefore, contingent beings could not have come into existence unless there is a necessary being which is non- contingent that caused them. Aquinas named this being God. The problem with Aquinass view is that as physicians have suggested matter is eternal and therefore a necessary being is not required to cause contingent beings. The basis of Aquinass argument depends on the fact that contingent beings requireRead MoreBelief in a God Is Necessary for a Moral Society1044 Words   |  5 PagesBelief in a God is necessary for a moral society Religion in the world has always been considered a rather important aspect of society. Although this is true, there are still people that question the existence of God. A survey done among 1000 people showed that 65 percent of Americans believe that religion is losing its influence on American life (Sheler, 8). Even so, Belief in a God is necessary for a moral society because since the beginning of history man has always made up some sort of roleRead MoreDifferences Between Marx And Feuerbach s Conceptions Of The Relationship Between Philosophy And Religion1718 Words   |  7 PagesFeuerbach’s conceptions of the relationship between philosophy and religion, as well as the implications this has for their thoughts on religion, which brief discussion on the criticisms one could pose to these thinkers for their theories. What is important to note before we begin is that both of these thinkers are reacting to the Enlightenment era of Philosophy which is the idea of a rational and scientific approach to religion and the self. Kant defined the enlightenment as a move to autonomy awayRead MoreThe Differences Between Extrinsic And Intrinsic Religious Expression854 Words   |  4 Pagesreligious expressions is as follows, extrinsic is the people who find religion to be useful and can provide things like social status while intrinsic is people who use religion for themselves rather than an external reward such has social status. James’ is more interested in the self-surrender type of conversion. Extrinsic and intrinsic religious expression is related to James’s notion of conversion because James believes God is found in more inner personal experiences making it intrinsic. 2. Marx:Read MoreGod Is Necessary For Human Existence1079 Words   |  5 Pagesexistence and found solace in God. God is necessary for human existence. What is God? God is not some mystical being that is only accessible through religion, but rather a concept essential for existence. According to Merriam-Webster dictionary the God is a spirit or being that has great power, strength, knowledge, etc., and that can affect nature and the lives of people. Similar concept is echoed in various religions. Christianity, a monotheistic religion, defines God as the creator and ruler of theRead MoreMarx And Durkheim On Religion839 Words   |  4 Pagesand Durkheim on Religion SOC201 998036931 Kirsten Kelleher Both Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim formulate similar sociological theories regarding the epistemology and origin of religion and religious beliefs. Both thinkers acknowledge a necessary connection between community and religion. As antagonistic, functionalist thinkers, both Marx and Durkheim maintain that â€Å"God† or the â€Å"divine†, is merely a projection of human beings highest ideals and greatest characteristics creating a â€Å"God† like illusionRead MoreReligious Faith694 Words   |  3 PagesHowever, evidence and proof are two very different concepts. Scientifically, one can only ever disprove a hypothesis. In other words, while it might be possible to disprove the existence of a god or gods, it would be impossible to eliminate all other variables that might provide support for the existence of god. When one fails to eliminate a hypothesis, one gathers support for a theory, or, evidence. It is this evidence that is frequently the foundation for faith. The philosophical ideal that faithRead MoreChristianity, Hinduism, And Islam1054 Words   |  5 PagesEvery religion has its own goal, and their own believes, however there are also many similarities in their believes. Although the followers of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam may see things differently, they basically hold the same values and codes. To Islam, the Prophet Mohammad’s teaching is a â€Å"complete and final revelation†. On the other hand, according to the bible, Christianity believes that Jesus Christ is the true lord and savior will grant you the access to heaven in the afterlife. JudaismRead MoreChristian, Islam, and Judaism1397 Words   |  6 PagesVinh Phan Chris Verschage Hum 2133 – W03 April 19, 2008 Christianity, Judaism, and Islam Every religion has its own goal, and their own path and believe to reach their goals, however there are also many similarities in believes. Although the followers of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam may see things differently, they all fundamentally hold the same values and codes. To Islam, the Prophet Mohammad’s teaching is a complete and final revelation. On the other hand, according to the bible,

Zara and Adidas Competitive Strategies-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theZara and Adidas Competitive Strategies. Answer: Zara Zara is a brand that is of Spanish clothes and accessories. Amancio Ortega and Rosalia Mera founded Zara with its headquarters in La Coruna, Spain in 1974. Zara was initially a little store in Spain but now it is the worlds largest retailer. The reason behind choosing this particular brand is that it gradually enlarged its business from the town in Spain to the other parts of the country and then succeeding in Portugal. However, by 1990 it enlarged its stores in United States, France and maximum of Europe. Currently, Zara has almost 6500 stores covering 88 countries all over the world (Vu and Medina 2014). Zaras business strategy is very understandable which is that the brand should be placed among the customers in such a way that the customers actually gets scared that they will be getting or not the selected product till they visit the store another time and so they buy it instantly (Reeves, Love and Tillmanns 2012). Zara has strategies for both production and supply as well as for the brand positioning. Zara owned few of its factories and has an extensive range of outside vendors who helps this brand to create a model and to get it ready for trading in its stores globally. On the other hand, its business model expends nearly zero amounts for its digital marketing. They routinely do advertising posts of one of their designs for a minimum duration until assembling viral bunch of people who will further spread the promotion (Gamboa and Gonalves 2014). Its strategy comprises of fast fashion that states having an international fashion spotter feedback structure which starts from the lowe r employees who need to quickly enhance upon its prevailing clothing lines. The new designs are then dispatched to the makers of Asia and Europe who will receive this feedback onto a new line of clothes that are ready to vend within a week. Zara has also strategized for a supply chain, as it never outsources anything to Chinese manufacturers. With the help of approachability of inexpensive Spanish, Asian and Middle Eastern labor Zara can actually put up its new products in store that to within a week. Zara mainly centers on fast fashion goods being manufactured in and throughout Spain and outsourcing additional shelf life commodity to inexpensive labor markets (Petett 2013). Lastly, its strategy for Store Fronts is where Zara actually invests money for renting high values for setting up stores beside luxury clothing brand. The business model is flawless in terms of the design to vent the planning which leads to the enormous cost saving and also in terms of positioning their brand as a premium one actually helps them profit outstanding traction with the middle class buyers from the mall of the country. Moreover, Zara using the CAGE frameworks would be a waste as Zara has its head office in every country that they work in. Zara uses the oil spill approach where they put a head office in every country and then branch out to open new stores. Thus, the transportation costs are also cheaper and so they grow a sense where they bring out what the customers are looking for (Collis 2015). Adidas In 1949, Adolf Dassler founded a shoe factory along with his brothers. However, later he parted away from his brothers and enlarged this company alone. The companys headquarters is situated in Herzogenaurach, Germany. The reason behind choosing this particular brand is that Adidas has placed itself as a leader in the global market with more than 92 fresh companies and being the 61st ranked brand amid the worlds most costly brands. It is famous globally for its products that are mainly related to sports. It has ultimately led to a powerful battle with Puma that was evolved by Adolfs brother (Subotnick 2017). The business strategy of Adidas until 2020 is called Creating the New. At the middle of creating, the new there is also an aspiration in addition to increase growth by remarkably enlarging desirability of the brand. Therefore, this strategy concentrates on the brands as they associates and engages with the customers. Adidas has a customer-centric approach, which is already operating significant advancements in the appeal of the brand and has increased their applicability with customers around the universe (Lagnese 2017). They are reaching market shares in those categorizations, cities and markets that are identified by Adidas as their future growth driving the company. Business model of Adidas comprises of its customer segments, value proposition, channels, customer relationships, key activities, key partners, key resources, cost structure and its revenue streams (Sempels and Hoffmann 2013). Adidas however has a majority of market business model, with no such important differentiatio n among customers. Adidas mainly targets its contributions at any customers who are curious about sports clothes and shoes. It provides three main value propositions, which are innovation, customization and branding. The company however, has its highest preference for innovation (Uggla 2015). Therefore, it entrenched five pillars of strategies that are athlete, manufacturing, digital and experienced, sustainability and female athlete innovations. Its main Channels are the physical retail outlets that involves own retail and mono-branded authorized stores. It also obtains customers via many e-commerce websites. Good part is the Adidas official website provides replies to repeated questions asked. Its business model demands designing and evolving their products for their customers. It outsources almost all of their manufacturing to a moderator who is an individual supplier representing over 1,000 factories mostly in Asia. Adidas main resources comprises of its human and physical resou rces. It continues future teams that actually comprises of a group of experts from different directions to study the fresh materials, scientific investigations, processes of productions and rights of the consumers in direction to invent new ideas. It maintains a value-driven structure. The main cost driver is sales and fixed cost; other remaining drivers are in the marketing and administrative area. Finally, it has two revenue streams those are product sales and license fees. The concept of CAGE analysis lies when it measures the distance between the two countries as for Adidas we can say Germany and U.S.A. Adidas innovations depends on the cultural differences which needs teamwork and studies have pointed that Americans can work in teams. However, the currency is not same but still they maintain good political and economical relationships. As the climate of the two countries is same so it does not affect the raw materials and lastly, income of both countries are almost similar and the viability of the resources are equal in both countries (Novy 2013). References Collis, D.J., 2015. The Value of Breadth and the Importance of Differences. InEmerging Economies and Multinational Enterprises(pp. 29-33). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Gamboa, A.M. and Gonalves, H.M., 2014. Customer loyalty through social networks: Lessons from Zara on Facebook.Business Horizons,57(6), pp.709-717. Lagnese, M., 2017. How the adidas Group's Corporate Strategy Has Resulted In Growth and Increased Profitability Within the Sportswear Industry. Novy, D., 2013. Gravity redux: measuring international trade costs with panel data.Economic inquiry,51(1), pp.101-121. Petett, T.K.S., 2013.Fast fashion meets luxe: A case study of the brand strategy and consumer perceptions of forever 21. University of Southern California. Reeves, M., Love, C. and Tillmanns, P., 2012. Your strategy needs a strategy.Harvard Business Review,90(9), pp.76-83. Sempels, C. and Hoffmann, J., 2013.Sustainable innovation strategy: creating value in a world of finite resources. Springer. Subotnick, S.I., 2017. Evolution of athletic footwear. InAthletic Footwear and Orthoses in Sports Medicine(pp. 3-17). Springer International Publishing. Uggla, H., 2015. Aligning brand portfolio strategy with business strategy.IUP Journal of Brand Management,12(3), p.7. Vu, T. and Medina, S., 2014. Storytelling marketing and its impact on developing company brand identity, case company Zara.

Human Factors And Workplace Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Human Factors And Workplace. Answer: Human factors are attributes in a healthcare work environment which helps in enhancing clinical performance. Safe clinical practice can be developed by effects of combined teamworks, tasks, proper equipment, workspace, organizational culture and others on the human behaviour as well as the abilities of the stakeholders involved in healthcare (Carayon et al., 2014). It also involves application of proper knowledge in the clinical settings for maintenance of safety and care in the healthcare of patients. The domain is also called ergonomics. Ergonomics is defined by researchers as the established discipline of science that underpins current patient safety and helps in the improvement of quality of care (Holden et al., 2013). It also contains providing an integrated as well as evidence and coherent approach to patient safety and clinical excellence. The principles of the human factors are based on optimizing different human performance by better understanding of the different types of behaviors of individuals. It takes into consideration their interactions with each other so that human frailties can be minimized as well as mitigated. This in turn helps in reducing medical errors and thereby prevents adverse consequences lie patient death, negative outcomes, harms and longer stays at hospitals (Russ et al., 2013). The adoption of this science in a healthcare ensures cultural changes and also empowers not only the professionals but also the organization to put clinical excellence and patient safety at the heart. Moreover it is also seen that human factor principles are helpful in proper identification as well as assessment and management of different types of risks associated with patient safety. Thereby incidents can be analyzed to identify learning as well as corrective actions. Hignett and Wolf have stated in 2016 that human fa ctors understanding and its various techniques associated with human factors are extremely helpful in informing quality improvement teams and different services along with the support change management. They also help to emphasize the importance of the design of the equipments, associated procedures and different processes (Clack Sax, 2017). Human factors mainly provide importance to four important components. They are the user and person centered design which ensures that health care in provided in such way which suits the people. The third component is the tasks which are allocated and also aligns with the fourth component which is the environment which remain involved during healthcare (Wilson, 2014). It ensures that the care which is provided should be effective, safe and also efficient. International Ergonomics Association has stated that [Human factors] is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data, and other methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performancein 2010. The main components of human factors are knowledge about human behaviors, their limitations and abilities which are important to shape the care to be provided to patients who comes fro m different backgrounds and with different needs. De Vault et al., (2014) has stated that it also involves other characteristics which are important to design different systems, tasks and activities, environments a well as different technologies and equipments. Moreover human factors also have the components that involve proper designing of trainings programs as well as instructional materials which will develop and support the different performance of the tasks or use the technology or equipments (Vincent Blandford, 2017). A model for human factors which was proposed by Csaza in the year 2001 can be discussed here in order to make the concept easier to understand. This model contains persons who are involved in the healthcare management like the care recipients and the care givers. Secondly it contains the task in which they are engaged. Here a case study for diabetes management in an old man in home is taken. Therefore the tasks applied is blood glucose monitoring, help with activities of daily life regularly and others, the equipment or technology which are important to conduct the tasks as well as the environments in which the task are taking place. This may be community, social, physical and others. Different people have different levels of knowledges, skills, abilities, education, preferences, inhibitions, health conditions and attitude (Cook et al., 2014). These are inculcated by them in their practices that impact the care. As a result different individuals interact with the tasks and equipments differently due to their cognitive, physical or perceptual capabilities. Herlihey et al., (2016) has stated that the type and magnitude of diff erent factors like sensory, cognitive and physical demands that the take an equipment imply on people may vary and are directly associated with personal capabilities of the professionals and also the care receivers. Avery good example of the integration of human factors can be provided with the help of a case study. An old man residing in home along with his old wife needs to use glucometer to check his blood glucose level. A nurse at a distant clinic checks the data with a telemonitoring machine. Here the old man is the service user, the old woman and the nurses are the caregiver, the glucometer and the telemonitoring machine are the equipments and the task is properly checking blood glucose level and properly conducting the care through the telemonitoring device. The old man may face difficulty in doing the task may be due to his lack of vision, health literacy, inability to remember the use of the device and others. The wife may also not be able to provide proper care to her husband and may not handle the telemonitoring equipment properly which requires ability to read the display, remembering operating options and others. The environment may also come to play which may be rural or may not ha ve internet access. All these may lead to several errors which may hamper the health of the individual leading to adverse situations. Therefore the human factor interaction needs to fit among the different system components in order to develop efficiency, safety and effectiveness of the components so that the symptoms of the disorder are properly managed and quality of life get better. If the fit remains poor, the patients may develop complications which would require him to be hospitalized associated with poor quality life and longer stays at hospitals. Different components can be obtained if human factors are dissected into several sections. Researchers are of the opinion that organizational factors involve culture, managers leadership and communication. It has been tried nowadays by a large number of healthcare organizations to modify the culture of safety in such a way that the organizations design process and workforce can develop clear goal (Kushiniruk et al., 2014). This goal should be clear to all individuals for the dramatic improvement in the safety as well as reliability o the care process. Safety interventions or change in the organizational culture to maintain safety should be addressed for not only patients but also for workers and therefore different safety culture tools can be used by the organization to evaluate the success of the change culture in the organization. Another factor as stated by researchers Wahr et al., (2013) is managerial leadership which can productively impose direct efforts in the healthcare setup s. This would help in fostering a culture and commitment which the professionals need to address for the underlying causes of medical errors and harms to service users. They should tale workarounds for monitoring the work of other team members; help them in handling equipments, developing the skills of team members and other to ensure patent safety. They should emphasize safety over productivity and also adopt a centralized style for implementing the right human factors. They also become involved in safety initiatives and should really corporate visions for safety supervisors. Also ensuring compliance over regulatory requirements, providing resources for safety programs showing concern for people and also showing consistent commitment for safety should be conducted by leaders. Communication is yet another component of human factors that need to be handed efficiently. A failure of communication leads to adverse events on patients leading to compromising safety of patients. Researcher s have reported that safe and effective delivery of health services needs proper communication between individuals serving different riles, experience and training an also perspectives of care. Some issues created by improper communication are clinical handovers, delegations, quality of information documented in patient files, incident reports, power struggles preventing juniors from speaking up and others. Moreover organizational failures, transmission failures, reception failures and others may be prevented with proper following human factor models. Researchers have stated that a proper team work may help in decreasing the rate of errors and increasing the quality o care provided to patients. A team should comprise of an efficient team leaders who should have the right amount of knowledge, skill, attitudes. Je should follow a proper leadership style and personality that would encourage the members to abide by safety rules and practices the best evidence based care. The leaders should ensure proper interventions for making the team members knowledgeable, skillful and portray the correct work attitude and personality. The main dynamics which would be benefitted by a proper team work would be goal comprehension where all the members should have a shared understanding of goals and thereby aligning with common objectives to meet the goal. Moreover proper communication, conflict management, proper decision making are also ensured by high quality team work (Hoffman et al., 2013). A proper division of tasks according to specialty of tea m members and their performance evaluation depends on the leaders. Effective leadership, process monitoring and giving proper feedback would ensure maintain quality care for patents. Many researchers are also of the opinion that at the individual level, situation awareness is another component which can b described as the perception of elements in the environment within a particular volume of time and space and proper comprehension of the meanings and thereby the correct projection of the status in the future. Ever individual should be always on toes constantly monitoring what is going on along with the perceptions like what is going to happen in coming moments and others. Being always alert and active will help to avoid many occurrences of errors in patient care. Increasing interest in attention skills (healthcare professionals being more attentive in workplace) in the workplace can be helped by rapid development of different types of computer based monitoring systems as well as other technological advances (Machida et al., 2014). They are very much helpful in providing service to distant patients. Failures in situation awareness can lead to preventable deaths a nd longer stays of patients in hospitals and also cues the organization to spend resources which could have been avoided. Another component which acts an individual level is decision making capability which is very much essential preventing errors. Often improper decisions made at critical timing may result in not only harm to the patients condition but may also involve professionals in legal and ethical battles which may harm the career of the healthcare professional. Not only that, reputation of the organization may also be compromised. Therefore proper decision making is one of the major components of human factors which need to be mastered properly (Youngson et al., 2015). Two stages of decisions making are diagnosing the situation effectively and the providing logical reasoning to choose the course of action followed by accomplishments. Researchers have stated four different types of decisions aiming. The first one is the recognition primed decision making process where the situation is first recognized and then action is performed after recalling from memory. The next is the rule based method wher e decisions are taken as per rule book after situation is identified. Other methods are choice through comparison of options where the best option for action among many is selected which is found to be the best. The last one is the creative method where a new course of action be devised (Harte et al., 2017). Stress is one of the most important human factors that often affect service delivery of different organization. Occupational stress often takes place among different healthcare professionals which relate to workload, improper time off as well as restricted autonomy of healthcare staffs. This may results in emotional exhaustion as well as aversion to work for patients. These in turn lead to different types of work errors and feelings of discomfort. It also results in reduced productivity, physical and mental ailments and also in poor team performance. These failures to cope with work pressure causes medical errors to occur which may affect patient safety (Weaver et al., 2016). It is extremely important to consider human factors and its effect on healthcare settings as it has an intrinsic relationship with patient safety and quality service. The care recipients, caregivers, tasks are allocated; equipments and technologies are important parts where the system needs to fit in properly with no errors for uninterrupted service to patients. Proper organizational culture, managerial leaderships and communication need to be monitored to maintain safety and quality in the organizations. Moreover, at an individual level, proper decision making skill and proper handling of stress may help the professionals to develop skills which will ensure decrease in error and increase in quality of care. Moreover proper teamwork will help in developing a work culture where occurrence of errors can be eliminated and workplace culture can be developed in such a way that the health care industry becomes the best service providing industry in the global outlook. References: Carayon, P., Wetterneck, T. B., Rivera-Rodriguez, A. J., Hundt, A. S., Hoonakker, P., Holden, R., Gurses, A. P. (2014). Human factors systems approach to healthcare quality and patient safety.Applied ergonomics,45(1), 14-25. Carthey, J. (2013). Implementing Human Factors in Healthcare:How toGuideVolume 2 Taking Further Steps.London: Patient Safety First. Clack, L., Sax, H. (2017). Annals for Hospitalists Inpatient Notes-Human Factors Engineering and Inpatient CareNew Ways to Solve Old ProblemsInpatient Notes: Human Factors Engineering and Inpatient Care.Annals of Internal Medicine,166(8), HO2-HO3. Cook, T. M., Andrade, J., Bogod, D. G., Hitchman, J. M., Jonker, W. R., Lucas, N., ... Paul, R. G. (2014). 5th National Audit Project (NAP5) on accidental awareness during general anaesthesia: patient experiences, human factors, sedation, consent, and medicolegal issues.British journal of anaesthesia,113(4), 560-574. DeVault, D., Artstein, R., Benn, G., Dey, T., Fast, E., Gainer, A., ... Lucas, G. (2014, May). SimSensei Kiosk: A virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support. InProceedings of the 2014 international conference on Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems(pp. 1061-1068). International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems. Harte, R., Glynn, L., Rodrguez-Molinero, A., Baker, P. M., Scharf, T., Quinlan, L. R., Laighin, G. (2017). A human-centered design methodology to enhance the usability, human factors, and user experience of connected health systems: a three-phase methodology.JMIR Human Factors,4(1). Herlihey, T. A., Gelmi, S., Flewwelling, C. J., Hall, T. N., Baez, C., Morita, P. P., ... Hota, S. (2016). Personal protective equipment for infectious disease preparedness: a human factors evaluation.infection control hospital epidemiology,37(09), 1022-1028. Hignett, S., Wolf, L. (2016). Reducing inpatient falls: Human Factors Ergonomics offers a novel solution by designing safety from the patients perspective.International journal of nursing studies,59, A1-A3. Hoffman, R. B., Segal, C. G., Foster, J. A., Rhoads, L. C. (2013, June). Adaptation of the human factors analysis and classification system to patient safety studies. InProceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care(Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 108-113). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. Holden, R. J., Carayon, P., Gurses, A. P., Hoonakker, P., Hundt, A. S., Ozok, A. A., Rivera-Rodriguez, A. J. (2013). SEIPS 2.0: a human factors framework for studying and improving the work of healthcare professionals and patients.Ergonomics,56(11), 1669-1686. Kushniruk, A., Kaipio, J., Nieminen, M., Hyppnen, H., Lveri, T., Nohr, C., ... Borycki, E. (2014). Human Factors in the Large: Experiences from Denmark, Finland and Canada in Moving Towards Regional and National Evaluations of Health Information System Usability: Contribution of the IMIA Human Factors Working Group.Yearbook of medical informatics,9(1), 67. Machida, K., Mikami, S., Masutani, M., Mishima, K., Kobayashi, T., Imataka, H. (2014). A translation system reconstituted with human factors proves that processing of encephalomyocarditis virus proteins 2A and 2B occurs in the elongation phase of translation without eukaryotic release factors.Journal of Biological Chemistry,289(46), 31960-31971. Russ, A. L., Fairbanks, R. J., Karsh, B. T., Militello, L. G., Saleem, J. J., Wears, R. L. (2013). The science of human factors: separating fact from fiction.BMJ Qual Saf,22(10), 802-808. Vincent, C. J., Blandford, A. (2017). How do health service professionals consider human factors when purchasing interactive medical devices? A qualitative interview study.Applied ergonomics,59, 114-122. Wahr, J. A., Prager, R. L., Abernathy, J. 3., Martinez, E. A., Salas, E., Seifert, P. C., ... Sanchez, J. A. (2013). Patient safety in the cardiac operating room: human factors and teamwork.Circulation, CIR-0b013e3182a38efa. Weaver, C. A., Ball, M. J., Kim, G. R., Kiel, J. M. (2016). Healthcare information management systems.Cham: Springer International Publishing. Wilson, J. R. (2014). Fundamentals of systems ergonomics/human factors.Applied ergonomics,45(1), 5-13. Youngson, G., Paterson-Brown, S., Russ, S. (2015). Response to:Lack of standardisation between specialties for human factors content in postgraduate surgical training: an analysis of specialty curricula in the UKby Greig et al.BMJ Qual Saf, bmjqs-2015.

Underground to Canada Mammy Sallys Version Essay Example For Students

Underground to Canada : Mammy Sallys Version Essay As Mammy Sally was cooking this lady called Nina who also worded in the kitchensaid I found a passage way out o here. Mammy Sally looked shocker. But if weget caught Massa Simms gonna whip us until our day are done workin. SaidMammy Sally. But, Nina was Strong and Fearless and said I dont care Im sickof the way those people treat us I goin to Canada. Mammy Sally stood there fora while and in came Massa Simms with his whip. And said You ladies gonna bestandin for a while Mammy Sally looked frightened and said No sir we werejust talking about whats for diner, So Said Massa Simms whats for dinner,well said Mammy Sally potatoes and corn what else said Massa Simms MammySally had a scared look on her face What else?! Yelled mass Simms well Iguess I can cook some bread said Mammy Sally, Same bread that would be niceSome break that would be nice Said Massa Simms. We will write a custom essay on Underground to Canada : Mammy Sallys Version specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A Couple of hours passed andMammy Sally getting ready to set the table for dinner when in came Nina and shesaid So have you thought it yet no said Mammy Sally. The next day Nina wokeup early she put on here rags and took some food from the kitchen and woke upMammy Sally and Mammy Sally said if we get caught I know I know interruptedNina we gonna get whipped tell our days are done working. Well at least youknow said Mammy Sally and they left. So said Mammy Sally Where is thissecret passage you were talking about youll see said Nina. When they got tothe secret passage Mammy Sally said, We aint gonna get out with out gettingcaught. Nina looked awkwardly at Mammy Sally and said she is safer than theunderground railway how can you ? it said Mammy Sally. The secret passage wasa hole through the ground and first went Mammy Sally after went Nina. When theygot out Nina said Smell the fresh air of freedom. yes soon we will be backthere and we wont be working in the kitchen well be getten whipped. It wasgetting and Mammy Sally and Nina were walking all day and they were very tired,so they decided to stop and rest. After they rested they ate and began walkingagain. It was down when they came to a cabin and the knocked on the door theywere surprised to sea a black man answer the door. The man said come in theladies Nina asked what is your name sir. He said My name is Malcolm. What are you doing in here? asked Mammy Sally. I live here , said Malcolm. MammySally and Nina looked shocked at Malcolm. They never saw a free black man.Malcolm said Why have you never seen a free black man? Because we are black ,doesnt mean we dont have rights. But we have to listen to Massa Simms or we gonna get whipped real hard. After they rested and talked to Malcolm , theycontinued their journey to Canada. In the afternoon they came to another cabinin Boston. When they knocked on the door , an old woman holding a shot gun ,opened the door, and said What are you niggers doing here ? Are you notsupposed to be getting whipped or working very hard? No said Nina, we are notgoing to work for any white folks in USA. So get off my property, you uselessblacks. .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e , .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e .postImageUrl , .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e , .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e:hover , .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e:visited , .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e:active { border:0!important; } .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e:active , .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc92906e50259085740c5cb5f36e6212e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Fool Can Be Defined In Many Meanings According To The Oxford English Essay Hey lady who do you think you are? We are human just like you and weget angry. And we are getting angrier, so dont be messing wit us or we gonnaget really angry. So watch out lady, and yes were leaving cause we dont wannalook at yer ugly mug no more. Get out now. They left that old hags home andcontinued walking down the road searching for a ride. They had finished eatingtheir food and were getting mighty hungry. They stopped by a shelter for somefood. We may be desperate Mammy, but Im not going in no homeless shelter. Shut yer mouth Nina, theres good eatin. They went in after all. Hey werenot letting any coloured people in here. Were hungry and we have no food, youcant let us eat just because of the colour of our skin? Hey dont talk back tome, nigger, now get out Were going, were going. Theyre stomachs weregrumbling pretty badly and it was getting dark. They laid down in an alley tosleep for the night. In the morning they continued their journey to Canada. Whenthey were walking they met this man and his name was Thompson Mcrian. Thompson Mcrian was a tall man with long Black hair and Brown eyes. The girls thoughthe was at least 10 feet tall. When Thompson came up to them he said What areyou girls doing on White mans land ? We are goin to Canada said Nina . Doyou want a ride to Cincinnati? Yes sir . So in 2 hours they arrived inCincinnati . When they came they herd of a man named Jeb Brown he was a manwho helped people get to Canada. So they went to his house and spoke to him andhe arranged for someone to take them to Canada. One week passed and they wereoff to Canada. On the way they saw different colours of leafs and they couldntstop talking about how different life would be. So they came to Canada and gotjobs in generals stores and started new lives and told everyone their story ofhow they got to Canada. This is what you have just read.

Stop Kiss essays

Stop Kiss essays I think the play Stop Kiss was pretty good. I thought that it was pretty well acted and the actors did a good job. The arena theater makes for a totally different style play, not necessarily better but also not necessarily worse. It was bad at some points because you would be looking at the actors back. Other times when it was good for you that meant that it was bad for someone else. The scenery was annoying too because of the fact that the play got stopped every couple minutes. I understand that that is how the arena theater works but it becomes irritating after awhile when they keep coming out and switching it for really short scenes. I think the sets were designed pretty well because they seemed to convey the idea as to what was going on. I really liked that bed/couch that was the basic center piece of the set. The costumes were fine because all it was were really just regular everyday clothes. Except for that one outfit that Callie wore to the awards dinner(that hippy getup)that costume was definitely a costume. I think the lighting was ok at times it was a little dark and probably could have used more light but overall it was fine. The text and context of this play where a little wild if you did not know what to expect. I did not like how Sara and Callie talked to each other. Their conversations were never relaxed they were always down each others throats and I did not like that at all it started to bother me after awhile. I personally do not think that people even if they are nervous talk like that all the time. Sara always talked like that even to George. Callie always talked like that with Sara. I think that it is good how theater is not censored because I do not like having to censor myself. I did not really ever get where the whole lesbian thing came into play. In the beginning it never really occurred to me that Callie was gay because of George. Not even necessarily did I pick up on Sara being gay ...

Citizen Kane (Movie) Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Citizen Kane ( ) - Movie Review Example but miserable person who has accomplished nothing; in fact, his political dream does not come true and at his death he cannot avoid to remember the only time in his childhood when he received true joy from riding a sled with a ‘Rosebud tag’ on it. Most critics have figured out Kane as a man who had no political ideology, but only a man guided by greed for power in the society. This seems to explain his misery despite being a rich politician at the time he finally loses his last breath. This article seeks to examine the relationship between Kane’s political ambitions and the media influence on the public that was evident during his time. Through flashbacks that cover the political life of Kane, it is noticeable that he lacks a political ideology while pursuing his political ambition, but uses the media to pursue his own personal goals. After starting a journalist firm, he employs a captivated writer, Thompson, who is proficient in writing sensitive material. He is featured on every cover page of the magazines and newspapers that Thompson produces for the public (Carringer 42). The aim of this kind of media coverage is to keep Kane a relevant political icon throughout the state by making him famous and popular among the people. The newspaper portrays him as prominent owner of newspaper producing firm, radio stations and much more wealth. He seems to bear the opinion that political success is based on personal wealth, rather than political ideology. Consequently, he does not have any public interest at heart or any political goal that would impact on the population he expects to serve. By failing to devise any politic al goal or even strategy, it is possible to regard Kane as a man who lack all the dimensions of an ideologist in his political war. Secondly, Kane is prompt to influence the minds of the people by using media power as a platform to campaign for his election. In a conversation with his mistress, Susan, he boasts on his authority to control and

Economic development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economic development - Essay Example However, the lower half of the isoquant is continuous reflecting that the given total output level can be achieved at all combinations of inputs provided 1st world inputs are used lower than a certain level (X2*) and the intensity of using 3rd world inputs is greater than a certain level (X1*). This situation can be interpreted as a depiction of the fact that instead of combining a greater amount of first world inputs which presumably can be interpreted as the magnitude of aid, if a lesser amount of such inputs are used in tandem with relatively higher amounts of 3rd world inputs, the possibility of attaining a certain amount of global output increases. This has a close semblance to Easterly’s idea that instead of providing huge lump sum aids to poorer nations, smaller piecemeal transfers that actually generate incentives for the population in such nations to become efficient in their participations lead to increased national incomes for such nations. For instance, Easterly cites the example of free provision of mosquito nets to prevent malaria in poor nations. He points out that not only does this create a black market for such nets; the nets are diverted into other uses. On the other hand, it is shown that through charging a miniscule amount for providing the nets, proper utilization has been increased thereby implying such low price provisions to be better solutions. He also cites the example of patients fully utilizing doctors’ services in cases they have to pay for them rather than when the services have been provided freely. Therefore, the transfer of any arbitrary amount of aid, financial or in kind actually may not lead to higher incomes, a situation reflected in the dashed segment of the isoquant where these aids, as inputs combined with third world inputs fail to yield any output in the disjoint portions. The better option is thus to use a ‘search’ strategy to locate the amounts of 1st world inputs that combined with a given amounts of 3rd

Eulogy For My Grandfather Speech or Presentation

Eulogy For My Grandfather - Speech or Presentation Example My grandfather was born in the United States and was rightly named John for in him I have seen a gracious (behindthename.com) man not only to his children and grandchildren but to every person he encountered. When he was two years old, his parents brought him back to Poland where I came from and stayed there for the rest of his life touching lives in the small things he could do. As I was growing up, I witnessed him give away his personal possessions like clothes, shoes and even food to the needy saying they need them more than he does. Grandfather John was not wealthy but had a decent job delivering goods and foods from stores to hotels and restaurants which provided for the family's needs and food on the table. With this kind of job, he sometimes comes home with food provided by generous people who somehow knew his need or were just simply glad for his goodness and services. He always shared his blessings with the whole family and did not hide them away from any of us. Instead, he prioritized others before attending to his own need and this is what drew me even closer to him.When he was growing old, his affections to his family and most especially to me, have grown fonder and sweeter so that he reminds me of James Garfield who said, â€Å"If wrinkles must be written on our brows, let them not be written upon the heart. The spirit should never grow old.†. Truly, he has shown this through his life and proven that growing old is not as dim and dismal as Matthew Arnold pictured in his poem "Growing Old".... If to the poet growing old is golden days declined (Arnold), to my grandfather they are turning to diamonds (antithesis). If to the former it is to weep and feel the fullness of the past (Arnold), to the latter it is to brighten up and face what miracles the coming years would bring (antithesis, parallelism). If to one it is to spend long days in weary pain (Arnold), to the other it is to enjoy every moment for life is short (antithesis, parallelism). Grandfather always has been in good spirits, always happy and wanting to share his jokes to anyone who would listen to him, brightening their days and giving a piece of advice when needed. For me, he has always been a great help as a counselor in times when I needed to make decisions that seemed confusing or simply too great for me to consider. And as I look back to those special days I spent with him, what I remember most is the cup of tea he usually prepares for me which is very sweet yet I drank it all up to my grandfather’s c ontentment who said the tea will sweeten my heart (personification) and bring out good things from me. I guess it did and I will never forget how the tea tasted but more so, I will never forget the man whose simple ways are even sweeter, encouraging me to emulate him and be good to everyone I meet, serving them the cup of tea that I have been drinking to the fill of my heart (metaphor). When my grandfather turned fifty, his leg was amputated because of gangrene and two years later, his other leg was also removed. I expected him to change in his attitude but his condition seemed to have never mattered to him because he has always been the cheerful and joyful grandfather I have always known. He never became

Non-conventional Sources of Energy: An Analysis

Non-conventional Sources of Energy: An Analysis CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Energy is a primary input in any industrial operation. Energy is also a major input in sectors such as commerce, transport, telecommunication, etc besides the wide range of services required in the household industrial sectors. (A) What Do We Mean by Alternative Energy? The alternative-energy segment of the energy industry covers a broad range of sources. These sources range from well established technologies, such as nuclear energy and hydroelectric power, through high-growth segments such as wind and solar power. They also include less tried and tested alternatives, such as hydrogen-powered, fuel-cell technology for use in electricity generation (7) Renewable sources of energy: It is that energy which is renewed again again. These include wood obtained from forests, petroplants , plant biomass agricultural wastes, wind energy,water energy, geothermal energy, these can reproduce themselves in nature can be harvested continusiously through a sustained proper planning management(B) Non renewable sources of energy: These are available in limited amount develop over a long period of time. They are exhausted one day.these include coal,oil,petroleum, the common source of energy being organic in their origin also called fossil fuel.( B) Conventional source of energy: In most of the fuel wood was consumed for domestic purposes mainly in rural areas, very little of it was available to industrial sector. Coal already in use in industries become a highly priced source. It was then supplemented by mineral oil. Likewise the use of hydro-electricity become dearer the areas where running water needed technology was readily available. After 2nd world war nuclear power was developed. All these sources of energy. All these sources of energy are known as conventional sources of energy. Coal still occupies a central position. (B) Non conventional sources of energy: Non renewable of energy could exhaust one day. Most non renewable sources cause environmental pollution We must conserve non renewable sources by replacing with renewable sources. (B) CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Renewable sources of energy: Non renewable sources of energy: Conventional source of energy Non conventional sources of energy Sources of ener Sources of energy: Primary Secondry 1: primary sources are those which we get from environment.Eg. fossil fuel, nuclear fuel, hydro energy, solar energy, wind energy. 2: secondry sources are those which are derived from primary energy resource. Eg. Petrol, electrical energy, coal burning . (A) Conventional sources of energy: Coal: The heat capacity can be converted into the electricity gas , oil. therefore many thermal super thermal powerstation are located on the coal fields to produce electric power to feeds regional grids.(A) Oil : it was formed more than 300 million year ago. Tiny diatoms are the source of oil. Diatoms are the sea creature in the size of pin head. Diatoms are dead they fell into the sea floor. They buried under the rocks. The rock squeeze the diatoms the energy in the bodies could not escape. The carbon eventually turned into oil under great pressure heat. Oil natural gas are found under ground between rocks in areas where rocks are porous.(C) Natural gas: It is lighter than air . It is made up of methane (made up of carbon hydrogen atoms ch-4). It is found near the petroleum under the earth. It has no odour.it is usually mix with a gas that has strong odour like rotten eggs.(C) NUCLEAR FUSION If light nuclei are forced together, they will fuse with a yield of energy because the mass of the combination will be less than the sum of the masses of the individual nuclei. If the combined nuclear mass is less than that of iron at the peak of the binding energy curve, then nuclear particles will be more tightly bound than they were in the lighter nuclei, and that decrease in mass comes off in the form of the energy according to the Einstein relationship. For elements heavier than iron, fission will yield energy. For potential nuclear energy sources for the Earth, the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction contained by some kind of magnetic confinement seems the most likely path. However, for the fuelling of the stars, other fusion reactions will dominate. (c) NUCLEAR FISSION The nucleus captures the neutron, it splits into two lighter atoms and throws off two or three new neutrons. The two new atoms then emit gamma radiation as they settle into their new states. There are three things about this induced fission -the probability of a U-235 atom capturing a neutron as it passes by is fairly high. -the process of capturing the neutron and splitting happens very quickly, in the order of picoseconds -An incredible amount of energy is released in the form of heat and gamma radiation, when a single atom splits. The two atoms that result from the fission later release beta radiation and gamma radiation of their own as well. The energy released by a single fission Comes from the fact that the fission products and the neutrons, together, weigh less than the original U-235 atom. The difference in weight is converted directly to energy at a rate governed by the equation e=mc2 (C) NUCLEAR REACTOR (1)Light water reactor-We use ordinary water for colling and moderisation these are basic 2 types boiling water reactor pressurised water reactor There are also high temperature gas called reactors which basically of l.w.r type (2):heavy water reactor: the most popular one has been Canadian deuterium uranium reactor. The design is difficult from that of lwr type. The fuel is arranged horizontally rather than the vertically as in l.w.r. (3):liquid metal fast breeder reactor: here we use liquid sodium as the coolent. There are 300 atomic power plant ,operating in world. Max in use (83), Ussr (40), up (35), France(34),Japan 25, Germany 15, Canada 13 India is rich in atomic mineral. Uranium mines are located in singbum in bihar parts of bihar Most abudent source is monazite sands on the shores of kerala. Thorium is derived from these sands. Nuclear power corporation is engaged with the establishment of nucleus. Power plants: 6 nuclear power plants in operation generating 1230 mwe(single individual plant is 210-235mwe). (b) Advantages Nuclear energy has a number of positives going for it. First, it does not give off carbon emissions, earning it supporters in the environmental community among those concerned about global warming. second, once reactors are built, it is very cost effective to keep them running at high capacity and for utilities to address demand fluctuations by cutting back on usage of fossil fuels. Third, nuclear plants tend to last a long time and many existing plants have become more efficient over time, reducing their demand for uranium.and represent reliable sources of supply Disadvantages There are a number of disadvantages to the nuclear-power option. These include not only the safety questions but also some economic and supply-related questions that are currently being debated by those for and opposed to renewal of outdated power plants or an expansion of the sector.In terms of safety, two issues are regularly debated. First, the issue of nuclear waste and, second, concerns over potential terrorist attacks on nuclear power plants. The first objection may be overcome through the introduction of new types of power plants, such as the pebble-bed modular reactor. This type of reactor uses graphite balls flecked with tiny amounts of uranium, rather than conventional fuel rods. With the fuel encased in graphite and impermeable silicon carbide, the theory is that the waste should be relatively easy to dispose of. The terrorism fears are less easily addressed and may ultimately stall the construction of new plants in countries such as the U.S., where these worries are great est. Among economic concerns is the question of construction costs. Although the cost of energy produced by existing nuclear plants is competitive, the upfront capital costs of constructing new plants are extremely high, calculated at $1,300-$1,500 per kilowatt- hour, or twice the amount it costs to construct a gas-fired power station(F) Non Conventional energy source SOLAR ENERGY Two weeks of solar energy is roughly equivalent to the energy stored in all known reserves of coal.oil and natural gas on the earth. Solar energy may be directly used either by active solar system or passive solar system. Another potentially important aspect 0f direct solar energy involves solar cells or photovoltaic that convert sunlight directly into electricity. Two other type of solar energy are the solar power tower and solar ponds.(b) There are two main ways to harness the power of the sun to generate electricity: photovoltaic (PV), where sunlight is directly converted into electricity via solar cells, and solarthermal power. PV is a proven technology that is most appropriate for small-scale applications to provide heat and power to individual houses and businesses. Sunlight falls on a layer of semiconductors, which jostles electrons. This, in turn, creates an electrical current that can be used as a source for heat. Solar PV cells are already cost effective for powering houses and businesses in some regions. As with wind power, technological developments have reduced costs considerably over the last few years. Unlike wind power, however, largescale electricity production using solar energy costs about 22 cents per kilowatt-hour, significantly more expensive than its fossil fuel competitors and nuclear energy. Hopes to reduce these costs lie with newer technologies. Solar-thermal generated energy is only just emerging from the experimental stage to full-scale electricity production. Solar-thermal power concentrates the sun to heat up fuel such as gas or oil. The heat trapped within is then used to convert water into steam, which powers a conventional steam turbine to generate electricity. Fossil fuels are sometimes used as a back-up to heat the water in the boiler if the sun is not shining. There are three different methods for concentrating the suns rays: Parabolic Trough — This method uses long, parallel rows of glass mirrors in the shape of a trough to concentrate the suns rays toward the â€Å"absorber tube† — usually filled with oil — to maximum effect. Power Tower — Similar in principle to parabolic-trough technology, the mirrors are placed in a circular pattern. At the center of the circle is a tower, at the top of which is a receiver filled with water, air, liquid metal or molten salt that moves to a power block and is used to power a steam turbine. Parabolic Disk System — In this system, dishes rather than troughs are used to concentrate the power of the sun. An example of this type of solar project is the 500-megawatt Solar Energy Systems plant being constructed in the Mojave Desert in California. By the end of 2006, the company expects to begin supplying electricity to Southern California Edison (SCE), but will not be fully operational until 2011, when it may account for as much as a 20 percent increase in SCEs electricity generation from renewables(F) Advantages In spite of its cost versus other sources of energy, solar power is attracting interest due to the following: Solar energy makes use of a renewable natural resource that is readily available in many parts of the world. The process used to generate solar energy is emission-free. Technological advances have reduced costs to a point that it can compete with fossil fuel alternatives in specific circumstances. The technology is scalable in that it can be used fordomestic heating purposes or on a larger scale for commercial electricity generation, as solar water heaters are an established technology, widely available and simple to install and maintain Disadvantages The biggest barriers to increasing solar power generation are the cost, the amount of land required for large-scale electricity production, and the intermittent nature of the energy source.In terms of the latter, thermal systems do not work at night or in inclement weather. Storage of hot water for domestic or commercial use is simple, needing only insulated tanks, but storage of the higher-temperature liquids needed to generate electricity on a large scale — or storage of the electricity itself — requires further technological development(F) WIND ENERGY In the country there are areas which are quite windy. Wind energy may be converted into mechanical electrical energy. Now, wind has been utilized for pumping water in rural areas. Wind energy is useful in remote areas helps in saving fossils fuels, would deliver on the spot small quantity of energy which is free pollution environmental degradation.Gujrat is first to starts using wind power. Advantages There are a number of notable advantages associated with wind power: It is a clean, renewable energy source. There is no fuel component, so once built there is no a finite fuel supply or costs associated with such a supply. Wind power can be generated in remote areas, including out in the oceans. It is scalable in that it can be used to generate power in a local area or even at the individual property level, but can also generate large amounts of power that can be added to an electricity grid system.. For land-based wind farms, once the wind towers are installed, the land area around them can be used for other purposes, such as agricultural use. Disadvantages As with any source of energy, there are some drawbacks to wind power. The most significant is that the wind to drive the turbines may be intermittent and that it does not always blow when electricity is needed. Wind energy may only be available 40 percent of the year in some areas versus 90 percent for a fossil-fuel powered plant. New blade design can overcome this problem to a certain extent, as can storing the energy in batteries, but because of these potential drawbacks, the site of the wind farm is key to its success and vice versa.(F) OCEAN ENERGY (TIDAL ENERGY) Tidal power generation depends on the harnessing of rise and fall of sea level due to tidal action. Small tidal power plants have been constructed in china USSR. The most important application of tidal power is electricity generation. In India sites exploitation of tidal energy are gulfs of kutch kombay sunderbans. India could intensify work on ocean thermal energy conversion wave energy. The country is already experience with exploiting tidal energy. The central electricity authority Gujrat electricity board carried out site studies for establishment of tidal plants in golf of kutch. India has excellent OTEC potential some of the best sites in world are known to be located off the Indian mainland island of lakshdeep Andoman nicobar. Total OTEC potential in India is 50000mW which is about 150% of installed power generated capacity in India. PRESENT USES Tidal power has on a small scale been used throughout the history of mankind. It was not until twentieth century that large-scale tidal projects were considered. Today, sites suitable for the utilisation of tidal power exist in many places around the world. DISADVANTAGES -Not yet economically feasible. -Problems with transportation of hydroelectricity. -Technology not developed. ADVANTAGES -Renewable resource. -No pollution. -Produced 24 hours a day and 365 days a year. -Peak output coincides with peak energy demand.(c) Fuel cell Production of electricity by thermal plants is not a very efficient method and is major source of pollution. It now possible to make such in which reactants sre fed continuously to the electrodes and products are removed continuously from the electrolyte compartment. Galvanic cell that are designed to convert theenergy of combustion of fuels like hydrogen, methane, methanol,etc. directly into electrical energy are called fuel cell. One of the most successful fuel cell uses the reaction hydrogen with oxygen to form water. The cell was used for providing electrical power in Apollo space programme. The water vapours produced during the reaction were condensed and added to the drinking water supply for the astronauts. In the cell, hydrogen and oxygen are bubbled through porous carbon electrodes into concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Catalyst like finally divided platinum metal are incorporated into the electrodes for increasing the rate of electrode reaction. Efficiency is 70%compared to thermal plant whose efficiency is 40%.(E) A fuel cell that runs on pure oxygen hydrogen produces no waste product. when a reformer is coupled to the fuel cell some pollutant are released(co2)but levels are typically less than conventional fossil fuel combustion in a power plant or an auto-mobile engine.fuel cell could be ideal zero emission power source for vehicle. Fuel cell busses could be tested in a Canada. The current from a fuel cell is proportional to the size of electrode voltage is limited (1.23). Tiny fuel cell running on methanol might used in cell phone, pager, toys, computer, now run by batteries. Bio fuel: based on fuel derived from organic biomass from recently living animals or plants or their by products, has transformed from a niche alternative to fossil fuels (e.g., gasoline, diesel) to become a booming industry. Any liquid that stores energy, which is typically utilized by an engine or generator, can be called a â€Å"fuel.† The term â€Å"bio fuels† encompasses a wide range of fuels, including vegetable oils, animal fats, ethanol, biodiesel (any oil or fat that undergoes trans esterification to more closely resemble mineral-based fuel), and syn fuel (fuel made from gasi fied organic matter, then liquefied to form fuel). The main common trait of all these fuels is that they are derived from organic biomass, rather than minerals. Bio fuels are made using a fairly simple process that typically involves harvesting feedstock, or the raw materials (e.g., soybeans, sugarcane), crushing the feedstock, separating the dry matter from the oil, then re-crushing and/or further processing to extract as much oil as possible. The resulting oil can then either be directly consumed (e.g., by vehicles with specially designed engines), further processed (e.g., into biodiesel), or blended with mineral-based fuel before being delivered to the end user at gas stations and depots around the world (the most common blends in the U.S. are E10 (10% percent ethanol blend) and E85 (85% ethanol blend). Only some biofuels, most notably biodiesel, can be used in traditional internal combustion engines. Other biofuels, such as ethanol, must be blended with mineral-based fuel in order to be used in existing engines. The most common inputs into biofuels vary by country. In the U.S., corn and soybeans are most prevalent, while Europe tends to use flaxseed and rapeseed, Brazil sugarcane, and Asia palm oil. Brazil is in many ways the pioneer of the biofuels industry, having introduced ethanol from sugarcane (and flexfuel vehicles capable of running on ethanol) over 25 years ago as method to reduce dependence on oil imports. a fuel cell uses a catalyst to create a reaction between hydrogen from a fuel and oxygen from the air to generate electricity, with the only byproduct being water. Such fuel cells can be used for power generation and as a replacement for the combustion engine to run cars and other vehicles. Fuel cells have long been used in the U.S. space program, but until the past few years have proved prohibitively expensive for civilian use. Interest in fuel cells was reignited in the late 1990s, as companies began to make breakthroughs in technology. Large automotive manufacturers, such as General Motors and Daimler Chrysler, also started investing in fuel-cell companies and began to design concept fuel-cell powered vehicles. Development, thus far, has focused primarily on protonexchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. This type of fuel cell uses a polymer membrane to separate two subcells, one fed with hydrogen and one with oxygen (through air). On the hydrogen side, the hydrogen breaks down into pr otons and electrons, and the protons migrate through the membrane into the oxygen side. The electrons, on the other hand, are forced to detour through wire connecting metal plates, resulting in a reaction that creates electricity. Other types of cells include the molten-carbonate fuel cell, which is the most efficient design but is very complex and only economical when generating more than 200 kilowatts. Westinghouse is developing a competing design, the solidoxide fuel cell, which operates at extremely high temperatures and has the added advantage that waste heat can be used to drive an auxiliary gas turbine.(F) What are the Challenges to Large-Scale Hydrogen Production? One of the biggest challenges to moving towards large-scale adoption of the â€Å"hydrogen economy† is production of hydrogen itself. A question often raised is whether it takes more energy to produce the hydrogen than you get back when you either drive the car or use it to power a building. There are currently three ways to produce hydrogen: Natural gas, coal, wood and organic waste burn with air and steam at extremely high temperatures. When cooled, the resulting gases contain a significant amount of hydrogen. An electrical current is passed between two electrodes (anelectrolyzer) immersed in water. Hydrogen rises up from the negative electrode and oxygen from the positive electrode. Some bacteria reportedly produce hydrogen, but this method has yet to be exploited commercially The first of these options has traditionally been the most cost-effective. That it still requires the burning of fossil fuels, combined with the rising price for natural gas, however, makes it less attractive as a long-term solution. The second option is simple to establish and can be done on a small or large scale nearest the point where the hydrogen may be needed. However, it also has a major drawback. Although this method has a 98 percent efficiency rate, when you factor in the voltage of the fuel cell, you get back only 40 percent of what you put in There are two powerful arguments for converting electricity into hydrogen, in spite of the inefficiency of the process: The first is the â€Å"use it or lose it† principle. Electrical power itself cannot be stored in its pure form; it needs to be converted to something else. Just as surplus nuclear and gas-fired power stations may store unused power by using it to pump water back up inside a damper as part of an integrated electrical storage system in combination with a hydroelectric power plant, hydrogen can be similarly used to store unused electrical power. Second, electricity stored as hydrogen is versatile. Not only can it be used for re-electrification, it also can potentially be used as fuel for cars or for producing heat. Why Fuel Cells? Fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy in hydrogen to electricity, with pure water and potentially useful heat as the only byproducts. Hydrogen-powered fuel cells are not only pollution-free, but also can have two to three times the efficiency of traditional combustion technologies. A conventional combustion-based power plant typically generates electricity at efficiencies of 33 to 35 percent, while fuel cell systems can generate electricity at efficiencies up to 60 percent (and even higher with cogeneration). The gasoline engine in a conventional car is less than 20% efficient in converting the chemical energy in gasoline into power that moves the vehicle, under normal driving conditions. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which use electric motors, are much more energy efficient and use 40-60 percent of the fuels energy — corresponding to more than a 50% reduction in fuel consumption, compared to a conventional vehicle with a gasoline internal combustion engine. In addition, fuel cells operate quietly, have fewer moving parts, and are well suited to a variety of applications. How Do Fuel Cells Work? A single fuel cell consists of an electrolyte sandwiched between two electrodes, an anode and a cathode. Bipolar plates on either side of the cell help distribute gases and serve as current collectors. In a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell, which most promising for light-duty transportation, hydrogen gas flows through channels to the anode, where a catalyst causes the hydrogen molecules to separate into protons and electrons. The membrane allows only the protons to pass through it. Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies In general, all fuel cells have the same basic configuration — an electrolyte and two electrodes. But there are different types of fuel cells, classified primarily by the kind of electrolyte used. The electrolyte determines the kind of chemical reactions that take place in the fuel cell, the temperature range of operation, and other factors that determine its most suitable applications.(7)

The Descriptiveness of Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay -- Literary Ana

Heart of Darkness was written by Joseph Conrad in 1902. Before it was published it appeared in a 3-part series in Blackwood’s magazine. The story tells of a detailed incident when Marlow who takes over the assignment of the captain of a ferry-boat travels into the darkness. He was employed by the Belgian Trading company. Marlow is employed to transport ivory downriver; however while doing his job, he comes across a person called Kurtz to whom he has to give the ivories after he have collected them. Kurtz is a very reputed man throughout the region and is known by everyone. The novella starts as the main character Marlow at the Thames River in the evening with several other people and starts telling the story about how he entered into the Dark Continent. The novel is a critique to the manifest destiny which is a norm believed that Europeans were chosen by god to rule over the world and make colonies all over Asia and Africa. The Europeans behaved and acted like the kings of the world. They considered Africans as objects and not people. In the novel, Africans were merely used as a backdrop where Marlow—the main character can lay out his philosophical and existential struggles. The dehumanization is harder to identify then open racism or violence. Also, Conrad, through the book hypocrites his own country and blames them for dehumanization. When it comes to analyzing the novella—symbolic interpretations, character development and language are the three main topics to discuss. The novella is written in such precision and high detail that almost every paragraph has a very significant role to play in the overall plot. The story is created to illustrate ideas and themes, rather than just a simple narrative. The ideas and themes are consta... ...ughout the Heart of Darkness. One of them starts when the unnamed reader describes the ship Nellie, himself, his fellow mates on the ship and particularly Marlow. At first, the unnamed narrator is not sure to be a character in aboard on the ship until a few paragraphs until we realise that he has been observing others—â€Å"between us there was, as I have already said†. Marlow gradually takes over the narration beginning â€Å"and this also has been one of the darkest places on earth†. Later on in the novel, Conrad has Marlow take over the entire second monologue narrative. No matter how descriptive the book is, the basic facts still remain that Kurtz was the man who jumps off the edge of insanity and plunges into the dark of insanity. Whereas, Marlow is the man who goes to the edge of insanity, looks over the edge, and had enough strength to not go over to the other side.

Bangladesh and Education Essay

Education – a simple word that is one of the major drivers of our planet earth. Through education people get to know who they are, where they came from and where they will be heading in the near future. Education is the spearhead of a society. It is because of proper education that people get to know about the diversity of this unpredictable world. Education forges the lives of those who get it. Education is one of the important factors that affect the quality and the means of leading a prosperous life. Bangladesh was described as one of the poorest countries of this world after the liberation war in 1971. It had gone through harsh phases of floods, droughts, cyclones, famines and other natural calamities and at present one of the world’s most crowded countries still remains well below the poverty line and as a result most of the population is still illiterate. Education still and always will remain an important form of social capital in this world. Education fosters innovation, contributes to the economic growth of a country and also increases the efficiency, effectivity and productivity of all the individuals who get the light of education. The World Bank (WB) approved generous amount of loans in the recent past to promote and improve the education sector of Bangladesh. However, the government and the NGOs are playing an active role in the development process by educating the mass population of Bangladesh and the whole course of action mainly focus their vision on the children and women. In Bangladesh the educational process is so slow and weak that the development process has become sluggish. OBJECTIVE Education system in Bangladesh is three-tiered and highly subsidized and the Bangladesh government operates many education institution in the primary, secondary and higher secondary levels. Through the University Grants Commission, the government funds more than 35 state universities in the tertiary education sector. Bangladesh emphasizes on the education For All (EFA) objectives, Millennium Development Goal (MDG) and the International Declarations. According to the articles 15 and 17 of the Constitution of Bangladesh, every citizen has the right to education and all children between the ages of 6-18 should receive primary and secondary education free of charge. The government should provide the underprivileged children with free books and education free of cost. METHODOLOGY As we are the students of RS, we were unable to go outside to meet with people and conduct interviews with them. So, to gather our information and data, we had to go though different forums, journals, books and different websites. HISTORY OF EDUCATION. From 1971 our education system started officially. At the beginning of the education system in Bangladesh the number of schools and universities were very poor. There were only 6 public universities in 1971. But now the numbers of universities are increasing. Now the numbers of primary schools are near about 76000. The great point system started from 2000 and the JSC and JDC education system was started from 2010. In recent years Bangladesh has adopted various strategies to educate the general people mainly the children. In education sector BRAC’s contribution is bigger. Sir Fazle Hassan Abed founded BRAC School at 1972. In the history of education BRAC played an important role . EDUCATION SYSTEM AFTER LIBERATION After the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971, the People’s Republic of Bangladesh became an independent nation free to choose its own educational destiny. As Bangladesh was, and still is, a secular state, many forms of education were permitted to co-exist. The formidable British system was, and still is, largely practiced. In fact, presently, the Bangladeshi system of education is divided into three different branches. Students are free to choose anyone of them provided that they have the means. These branches are: The English Medium – English medium schools are mainly private and thus reserved for the wealthy class. After three years of pre-school, students must successfully pass through ten grades to be eligible for writing the Ordinary Level Exams, also called the O-Levels. Then after one more year of studies, students can write the Advanced Level (A-Level) Exams. The Bengali Medium – the Bengali Medium, which is offered by the government. In the Bengali Medium, all the courses are offered in Bengali with the exception of English courses and the Religious course. The tuition fee is minimal compared to English schools but they still vary largely between schools. After three years of pre-school, students in the Bengali medium do five years of primary school. Then they move to high school for grade five to grade ten. At the end of the tenth grade, they appear for their SSC (Secondary School Certificate) exam. Afterwards, they move on to two years of college following which they have to write for the HSC (Higher School Certificate) exam. The Religious Branch – Bangladesh is a very poor country with millions of homeless children. To educate these children, there are religious institutions called â€Å"Madrashas† where these children are sheltered, fed and taught the ways of Islam by priests. These children learn the scripts from the Koran and the regular prayers. Literacy situation in Bangladesh Period Census – The 1974 census defined literacy as the ability to read and write in any language. This definition was in conformity with the UNESCO; one accepted throughout the world. The definition of literacy used in the 1981 census covered only persons of age 5 years and above and included those who could write a letter in any language. The 1991 census also defined literacy as the ability to write a letter in any language but covered persons of age 7 years and above. The effect of change in definition of literate has been reflected in the literacy rates of different census years. Increase in Literacy – Literacy rate among people of all ages rose from 17% in 1961 to 24. 9% in census year 1991. For the 7 years and above age group, the literacy rate increased from 26. 8% in 1974 to 32. 4% in 1991. In all census periods, the literacy rates were higher among the males than among the females. The female literacy rate, however, rose significantly in the 1991 census. It was 16. 4% in 1974 and 25. 5% in 1991. Urban rural variation in literacy rate is also quite evident in all census periods. Literacy rates in urban areas are higher than in rural areas in all census periods. Adult literacy Adult literacy rate for population 15 and above is defined as the ratio between the literate population of the age 15 years and over to the total population of the same age expressed in percentage. This rate for both sexes was 25. 9% in the 1974 census and 29. 2% in the 1981 census. In the 1991 census the rate was 35. 3%. In all census periods, male adult literacy rate was higher than the female. Educated adults come to the urban areas for better employment and education. As a result, the adult literacy level of urban population is much higher than that of their rural counterparts in all census years. However, the gap between urban-rural literacy rate narrowed in 1991, as did the gap between the male and female population. This is due to rural people’s increasing participation in education in recent times. Steps of Bangladesh after Liberation towards development of education The independence of Bangladesh generated a new enthusiasm in both government and private level in efforts to expand literacy and remove illiteracy. The Bangladesh Constitution of 1972 provides the basis for a policy on universal primary education. The policy has three components: establishing a uniform mass oriented and universal system of education; extending free and compulsory education to all children; and relating education to the needs of society and removing illiteracy. Keeping in view the constitutional directives, Bangladesh committed itself to implement the recommendations of – The World Conference on Education for All (1990), The World Summit on Children (1990) and The Summit Declaration on Education for All (1993). Primary Education of Bangladesh Primary education was recognised as the foundation of preparing literate citizens of the country in all national documents, reports of the commissions, and committees on education. But this stage of education got a momentum only after the enactment of the Compulsory Primary Education Law of 1990. Compulsory primary education under this Act was introduced in 1992 in 68 thanas, and all over the country in 1993. Measures such as satellite schools, community schools, and Food for Education Programme were taken up to increase enrolment and decrease dropout. The new primary curriculum based on terminal competencies was implemented in 1992. These steps resulted in some improvements in various efficiency indicators of primary education such as in gross enrolment ratio and the completion rate and raised the participation of girls in primary education. In addition to state intervention, from the second half of 1980’s, the government allowed NGOs to experiment with a variety of delivery mechanisms to cater to the basic educational needs of the disadvantaged population. Role of BRAC BRAC launched its education programme in 1985 with 22 one-room primary schools following non-formal approach. The goal of the BRAC Education Programme is to make a significant contribution to the achievement of education for all in Bangladesh. The BRAC Education Programme is mainly focusing on –  increase access of basic education in unreached and underserved population improve quality in formal education system support the government in achieving Millennium Development Goal 2 – Education for All by 2015 ? In sheer size, BRAC operates the largest private school system in the world: 1. 1 million students (70% of them are girls) are enrolled at present in 37,000 BRAC schools that provide four years of non formal primary education. So far, almost 5 million children have already graduated from primary school and got their basic education from these schools and close to 95% enrol to secondary schools. Education Programme – Primary School Operations Primary Schools Currently running24,398 Current Students0. 75 mil Graduates4. 95 mil Cost per Child per YearUSD 32 Schools for Indigenous Children2,441 Pre-Primary Schools Currently Running13,054 Current Students0. 36 mil Graduates4. 33 mil The Five Year Plan(s) According to the Report of Bangladesh Education Commission of 1974, the number of adult men and women illiterates in the country at the time of independence was 35 million. The Report recommended adoption of non-formal and mass education programmes for them. Accordingly, the First Five-Year Plan (1973-78) launched a massive functional literacy programme through non-formal education and allocated Tk 400 million for this subsector. The Second Five-Year Plan (1980-85) attached high priority to eradication of mass illiteracy. In the Third Five-Year Plan (1985-90) the programme was revived with an allocation of Tk 250 million and a modest target of making 2. 4 million adults literate by June 1990. Information from the office of the Integrated Non-Formal Education (INFE) project (former MEP Office) show that only 27 upazilas were covered in this project out of a target of 71 upazilas. A total of 291,600 adults were made literate in five years. In the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1990-95) Tk 235. 70 million was allocated. During the Plan period MEP was continued as a spillover under the project and total of 367,660 adult illiterates of 11-45 years age were made literate. The programme was implemented in 68 thanas of the country. Moreover, under the aegis of the district administration a programme named Total Literacy Movement (TLM) was started in 1995 in Lalmonirhat and Bhola districts. It was later extended to 15 other districts. Preparatory work is now under way to extend TLM to 22 more districts. The Fifth Five-Year Plan (1997-2002) adopted an ambitious objective to achieve the goal of Education for All (EFA) by the end of Plan period 2002. The major objectives are to increase gross enrolment in primary schools to 110 percent (net 95%) with particular emphasis on enrolment of girls and on increasing completion rate of primary education to at least 75 percent by the year 2002. The Fifth Plan also set up some important objectives of mass education consistent with the overall objectives of achieving the goal of EFA and fulfilling the educational needs of 30 million adult illiterates. These objectives are to increase literacy rate of adults (15 years and above) to 80% by the year 2002, to empower learners with technical skills, entrepreneurial traits and leadership skills, to empower skills related to literacy, numeracy and communication, to reduce gender gap in literacy rates in both rural and urban areas, and to develop continuing education programme for neo-literates. ? BANGLADESH, EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS OF 2005 ? BASIC EDUCATION STATISTICS, 2010 Number of Institution, Enrolment and Teacher in Post-Primary and Primary by management and sex, 2010 Type of SchoolManage. mentInstitutionTeacherStudentIndicators TotalTotalFem. % FemTotalGirl% GirlTSRSPITPI Primary School EducationPublic3767218145510543158. 109885697506116551. 20542625 Private450021995026812834. 157018849347542149. 52351564 Total8267438095717355945. 5616904546853658650. 50442045 Secondary School EducationPrivate187232107804791722. 737240497387315753. 493438711 Public3177231241733. 4322527710651947. 283171123 Total190402180115033423. 097465774397967653. 313439211 College EducationPrivate3068773201626521. 04150516671642347. 601949125 Public2569900231023. 3388910935852340. 3290347339. Total3324872201857521. 302394275107494644. 902772026 Madrasah EducationPublic310400. 0060642313. 8158202135 Private93581077431091110. 132194863116742753. 192023512 TOTAL93611078471091110. 122200927116765853. 052023512 University EducationPublic319163165618. 072629418198831. 18298482296 Private515710170129. 792009394912524. 45353940112 Total8214873335722. 5746388013111328. 26315657181 Technical & Vocational EduPublic251401554213. 501338971799913. 443353316 Private259711286270823. 993140307052122. 46281214 Total284822455461120. 5344792710258122. 90201578 ProfessionalPublic70179548627. 0819120935748. 941127326 Private214312345014. 41508231451628. 561623715 Total284491893619. 03699432387334. 131424617 Teacher EducationPublic90103927526. 47176631005856. 941719612 Private9283025530. 728613243728. 2910949 Total182186953028. 36262761249547. 551414410 All (Post-primary)Public101833247768623. 12155407158467537. 6247152733 Private341034167928020719. 2411514931589360651. 182833812 Total351214500398789319. 5313069002647828149. 572937213 All (Primary + Post-primary)Public3869021470211311752. 6911439768564584049. 35532966 Private7910561629414833524. 0718533780936902750. 55302348 Total11779583099626145231. 46299735481501486750. 09362547 COMPARISON OF EDUCATION AID AND SPENDING OVER THE PERIOD 1980-2008 Figure 5 shows the increasing gap between education aid and government spending. The 1980s illustrate the small gap between aid and spending, which began to increase over time. From 2006 onwards, education aid began to decline and government spending increased. This reflects the relatively low and declining proportion of aid in total education spending. ? TOTAL PRIMARY STUDENT ENROLMENT (1985-2005) Fiscal Year Primary student enrolment (millions) 1985 10. 08 1986 10. 78 1987 11. 26 1988 11. 76 1989 11. 77 1990 12. 34 1991 13. 03 1992 13. 72 1993 14. 2 1994 15. 19 1995 16. 43 1996 17. 07 1997 17. 32 1998 17. 63 1999 19. 61 2000 17. 67 2001 17. 66 2002 17. 56 2003 18. 43 2004 17. 95 2005 16. 23 PRIMARY ENROLMENT Source: Ministry of Education, Bangladesh PROGRESS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENT RATE SINCE 2000 One of the key EFA goals is to ensure gender parity in education by 2015 – Unlike most South Asian neighboring countries, Bangladesh has already achieved gender parity in primary and secondary education. The GER and NER for girls have increased from 87. 7 percent and 63. 9 percent to about 88. 4 percent and 67. 4 percent respectively within 2000-05. About 16. 2 million students are currently enrolled in primary schools in Bangladesh, of which about 8 million are girls In an effort to promote the education of the poor, the GoB has been engaged over the past ten years into demand side interventions such as the Food for Education Program (FFE) and the primary stipend program. PROGRESS IN ADULT LITERACY RATE SINCE 2000 According to HIES 2005, Bangladesh is estimated to have about 41. 5 million people aged 15 or more who are illiterate. Considering the extent of poverty and the prevailing high illiteracy rate (about 54 percent in 2000), the GoB gives high priority to non-formal education through basic and post-literacy programs and continuing education. The government also recognizes that the literacy and numeracy skills can help improve the income and welfare status of the poor. Literacy and social mobilization programs have contributed to raising the national literacy rate from 45. 6% to 52. 7% between 2000 and 2005. Bangladesh is likely to meet the EFA target of a 50 percent increase in adult literacy by 2015 if the annual growth rate of literacy rate exceeds 4 percent. The literacy and social mobilization programs are likely to have contributed to raising the national literacy rate from 45. 6 percent to 52. 7 percent between 2000 and 2005 (cf. HIES 2000 & 2005). In particular female literacy rate has gone up by almost 9 percentage points compared to male literacy rate which only records a 5 percentage point increase. Furthermore, the number of illiterates aged 15 to 30 has decreased from about 15 million to 11. 8 million between 2000 and 2005. Although Rural areas appear to be still lagging behind urban areas. ? PROGRESS IN PRIMARY COMPLETION RATE SINCE 2000 OVERVIEW OF THE PRIMARY EDUCATION AND ADULT EDUCATION Bangladesh sustains one of the largest primary education systems in the world with as many as 80,401 primary institutions of 10 different kinds namely, GPS, RNGPS, NRNGPS, experimental schools, community schools, kindergartens, NGO schools, ebtedaee madrashas, primary sections of high madrashas, primary sections of high schools. According to the School Survey Report 2008, GPS, RNGPS, Experimental and community schools constitute 75% of the total institutions. These four categories of institutions are providing primary education to 81. 9% of the total primary school enrolled children of over 16. 3 million. The proportions of boys and girls enrolled at the primary level are 49. 3% and 50. 7% respectively. A total of 364494 teachers are engaged in primary teaching in all the ten categories of institutions comprising 40. 4% female and 59. 6% male. The proportion of female teachers in GPS, RNGPS, PTI and community schools is 50. 2%, 32. 2%, 39. 0% and 73. 6% respectively and the pupilteacher ratio is 51. 4, 44. 7, 48. 1 and 43. 35 respectively. NGOs in the country have been making significant contribution to the education sector. About 500 NGOs are currently running 48,855 learning centers for providing primary education to 10,24,495 females and 6,06,802 males in the country (CAMPE, 2007). A total of 518 NGOs have been engaged in education programs of which more than 450 have adult literacy programs integrated into NFE. The NGOs are providing adult education to 1,19,277 females and 26,193 males through 6,574 learning centers (CAMPE, 2007). However, some of the major NGOs in the country offering adult education are BRAC, Proshika, Dhaka Ahsania Mission, FIVDB, Action Aid, Swanirvar Bangladesh. BRAC has been the largest NGO in the country operating the largest non-formal education program. It runs 34000 NFPE schools serving 1. 02 million un-enrolled and drop out children of the marginal families. RELATE WITH MDG The Government of Bangladesh has made commitment in the World Education Forum held at Dakar, Senegal in April 2000, towards achievement of Education for All goals and every citizen by the year 2015. The World Education Forum adopted six major goals for education, two of which also became Millennium Development Goals later in the same year. The Dakar goals covered the attainment of Universal Primary Education (UPE) and gender equality, improving literacy and educational quality, and increasing life-skills and early childhood education programs, and were to be achieved within 15 years (EFA Global Monitoring Report, 2005:28) However, the gender goal was judged to be particularly urgent – requiring the achievement of parity in enrolments for girls and boys at primary and secondary levels by 2005, and of full equality throughout education by 2015. The Millennium declaration of the United Nations adopted on 8 September 2000 by all member states in the millennium Summit gave birth to eight goals to be achieved by 2015 (UN, 2005:3). Besides the eight goals, there are 18 targets and 48 indicators in the MDGs. All these Aaspects are pertinent to combat poverty, hunger, illiteracy, diseases, inequality between man and woman, infant mortality, maternal mortality, environmental degradation and improving global partnership for development. The second Goal has designated universal primary education that emphasizes the implicit objective of equal education for boys and girls alike and to be able to complete a full course of primary schooling. Bangladesh is committed to achieve the MDGs and the goals are included in the countries first Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. By May 2005, the government developed Unlocking the Potential: National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction (PRSP). It takes a rights-based approach and identifies four strategic objectives: creating opportunity towards realizing the full potential of children i. e. access to health, nutrition, education, water and sanitation; ensuring the best interests of children in national, social, family and personal situations i. e. empowerment of children; ensuring safety and security at home and in the public space i. e. protection against abuse, exploitation and violence and establishing and protecting children’s rights i. e. social inclusion, decent work and livelihood. PRSP goal is to introduce and strengthen early childhood and pre-school education; introduce a unified and common primary education opportunity for all children; improve quality of primary education; 100% enrolment, and raise all other targets to achieve quality and completion in primary education; increase literacy rate to 80% and expand the scope of NFE beyond the literacy to reach out to the extreme poor and in remote areas (PRSP, 2005:50-51). In summing up the discussion it can be said that Bangladesh has been improving in primary education significantly since independence. Though primary education has been given priority from the emergence of the country but some dramatic changes has been noticed in the 1990s. This decade saw a renewed dedication to the expansion of primary education, and consequently primary education experienced significant enhancement during the period. In 1990, in a major policy direction Bangladesh made commitment to international compliance and as a result WCEFA came into being. Similar major international initiatives were taken in 2000. World Education Forum at Dakar and the UN Millennium conference at New York, fixed various targets and goals, named as MDGs. As a signatory country, Bangladesh is now committed to attain these targets by 2015. Currently primary education in Bangladesh is on target of achieving the second MDGs phase and it is a matter of concern Number of Students Enrolled in Primary Schools and Percentage of Boys and Girls *percentage of boys and girls students in primary schiools (1991-2009) Number of Students % of Students YearTotalBoysGirlsBoysGirls 199112,635,4196,910,0925,725,32754. 745. 3 199213,017,2677,048,5425,968,72554. 245. 8 199314,067,3327,525,8626,541,47053. 546. 5 199415,180,6808,048,1177,132,56353. 047. 0 199517,284,1579,094,4898,189,66852. 647. 4 199617,580,4169,219,3588,361,05852. 447. 6 199718,031,6739,364,8998,666,77451. 948. 1 199818,360,6429,576,9428,783,70052. 247. 8 199917,621,7319,065,0198,556,71251. 448. 6 200017,667,9859,032,6988,635,28751. 148. 9 200117,659,2208,989,7958,669,42551. 049. 0 200217,561,8288,841,6488,720,18050. 349. 7 200318,431,3209,358,7579,072,56350. 849. 2 200417,953,3009,046,4338,906,86750. 449. 6 200516,225,6588,091,2218,134,43749. 8750. 13 200616,385,8478,129,3148,256,53349. 650. 4 200716,312,9078,035,3538,277,55449. 350. 7 200816,001,6057,919,8378,081,76849. 4950. 51 200916,539,3638,241,0268,298,33749. 8350. 17 Statictis of primary schools in Bangladesh(1996-2009) YEARInstitution GPSEXPRNGPSCOMM* SATTHSAPSNGPSKGEb. Mad- rashaHMAPSNGOTotal 1996377105219683275920027593963143494992759-80818 19973771052195291962104212923472154582312850-77685 19983771053196582989282215823177169171732948-79803 199937709531955331072945123026321940640432531478840 200037677531925330613884122021262296371034379276809 2001376715319428326840951576197124773843357417078126 2002376715319428322548231576179224773443357430178363 2003376715319428326048231618167030886581820034586737 20043767154198143218-1283169937456723821444782868 20053767254196823027-135394622816768*832928980401 20063767254199993192-1314114026656726892033882020 20073767254201073186-131497322536726892022981434 20083767254200833263-157196629876744923340882981 20093767255200612991-95981927446744923323081508 GPS- Government Primary School, RNGPS- Registered Non Government Primary School, NGPS- Non Government Primary School, EXP- PTI attached Experimental School, KG- Kinder Garden, HSAPS- High School Attached Primary Schools, HMAPS- High Madrasa Attached Primary School, * SATT – Sattilite Schools which are closed from 2004 . CHALLENGES †¢Quality of teachers : Teacher’s poor academic quality and low competency is a serious problem for student’s educational attainment. Rahman attempted to establish a profile of the primary school teachers by interviewing some 500 teachers. He found that most of the teachers have only the SSC/HSC examination in the third division (Rahman, 1986:32). This poor quality of teacher’s academic competencies results in ineffective teaching. †¢Fund : Lack of funding is a big problem. The government and donors try to invest more in education sector to achieve the goals of education for all. †¢Quality of education : Bangladesh has a significant progress in achieving some goals of education for all but it needs to focus on the quality of education and early childhood development. †¢Coaching centers : some coaching centers are very much expensive. It helps to decrease child’s creativity because students found readymade notes there and they don’t need to work for it. †¢Students politics : when students participate in politics, they can not concentrate their studies. They will very much busy with political activities rather than their study because they are given money to do this. †¢Lack of consistency: Dhaka, Jan 2 (BDNEWS) – Countries leading educationists Monday demanded cancellation of the proposed ‘unified education’, which was postponed earlier, and introduction of a genuine unified education based on equality, and scientific and secular thinking at secondary level. RECOMMENDATION 1. Inclusion of legal education in government’s policy priorities, and to undertake concrete steps to improve its quality. 2. Formation of a Council of Legal Education for overall control, monitoring and supervision of legal education in Bangladesh. The Council will exercise its functions in collaboration with the Bar Council and the University Grants Commission. Necessary law is to be enacted for the formation of the Council, which would also entail amendment of the Bangladesh Legal Practitioners and Bar Council Order 1972, in so far as it concerns legal education. 3. To form legal education committee in the University Grants Commission consisting of the representatives of the law schools, and with this end in view to make necessary amendments in the University Grants Commission Order, 1972 and the relevant rules. 4. Provision for additional vocational course up to one year for law graduates as prequalification for appearing at the bar examination. How this course would be designed and run would be determined by the proposed Council of Legal Education. 5. Rational combination of academic and vocational character of legal education to make sure law graduates acquire knowledge, skill and competency for legal practice as well as law related general services. It is necessary to provide for more practical methods of teaching law i. e. Socratic method, problem method, case study, moot court and mock trial, clinical legal education etc. 6. Promotion of inter-disciplinary approach to curriculum to help students better understand the societal problems. Subjects like national history, economics, political science, sociology, logic etc could be included in the law curriculum. 7. Inclusion of new law courses (subjects) in the curriculum to respond to the needs of modern economy, ICT and globalisation. Subjects such as corporate law, international economic law, e-commerce, intellectual property law, environmental law, medical jurisprudence need to be included. 8. To include in the curriculum separate courses on ADR, legal ethics, research, drafting and conveyancing. 9. Need for emphasising transnational aspects of law to include more subjects on public and private international law and comparative law. 10. To enhance human rights and gender sensibility of legal education. Separate papers on these issues are suggested to be included in the syllabus 11. Narrowing down the gap between college legal education and university legal education by including more subjects in college curriculum and extending its duration. 12. Introduction of clinical legal education which means learning law by providing legal services to the community. Students need to be involved in various ADR activities where they will be exposed to real life situations and get opportunities to apply their knowledge of law as well as be sensitised to the rights of the marginalised sections of the community. 13. Immediate need for massive reforms and overhauling of college legal education by — (a)extension of duration of courses from existing two years to three years with emphasis on practical courses in the final year; (b)introduction of admission tests; (c)limiting number of seats for admission; (d)mandatory appointment of full time teachers; (e)provision for government financial assistance; (f)provision for adequate infrastructural facilities like class-rooms, library, books, computers etc; (g)provision for effective supervision of the colleges. 14. Establishment of government sponsored model law college to set the norms and standards of modern legal education. 15. Evaluation and examination of students by problem oriented questions. 16. Introduction of basic legal education at SSC and HSC levels as a part of general legal awareness, and as a stage of prequalification for higher studies in law. Ministry of Education is to provide necessary directives and frame rules to incorporate fundamentals of law of the land in SSC and HSC curriculum. 17. To preserve the present bilingual character of medium of instruction for law with an emphasis on effective learning of English. 18. To provide for institutional accountability of teachers, and their evaluation by the students. Details of the procedures of accountability and evaluation would need to be worked out. 19. Provision for training of the teachers. 20. Besides legal profession of a lawyer and a judge, to create more diversified professional job opportunities for the law graduates in various government and non-government departments. One of the ways to do it is to create by competitive examination BCS cadre service(legal) for law graduates to perform law related works in various government and autonomous bodies. CONCLUSION Bangladesh’s education system has deeply entrenched links to the English language over many centuries. This has made English the de facto second language. What’s more important though, English is the primary language of trade and commerce here, which makes Bangladesh a very attractive destination for software and IT services off shoring. And now the government also has been taking some steps for the betterment of the educational system of Bangladesh. People are also concerned now unlike the previous dates. The people and the young generations should come forward along with the government on this purpose. We should remember one thing that we need to change for the development.